The Question of Justice in Dantes The Inferno and...

The Question of Justice in Dantes The Inferno and Shakespeares The Tempest Dante Alighieri lived in the 13th- and 14th centuries Florence, Italy, and wrote his famous comedy The Inferno in response to the political and social events of his environment. William Shakespeare lived in late 16th and early 17th centuries and his play The Tempest is a critical commentary on the problems facing England at the time. Despite the fact that the two authors lived in different societies at different times, both authors comment on their surrounding environment in a similar way. The authors imagine a world where actual events and problems of the society are addressed in an allegorical manner. However, Dante and Shakespeare show that they have different motives and goals in their work. Dantes purpose is to inflict divine punishment on the sinners and his personal enemies. His punishments are based on the teachings of Christian doctrine. In contrast, Shakespeare comments on the complexity of justice and human hypocrisy. While Dantes comedy culminates in Gods punishment on th e sinners, Shakespeares play ends with a moral on forgiveness and reconciliation. The two stories can be briefly summarized as follows. In The Inferno, Dante is in search of his love Beatrice. He is guided by Virgil, a famous Roman poet, and goes through the different levels of Hell where he witnesses sinners and his adversaries receiving punishment proportionate to the sinners they had committed. The personsShow MoreRelatedDantes3100 Words   |  13 Pages13 Practice: Revision Strategies The tempest one of the most difficult Shakespearean works in my opion to stage, from its stormy, chaotic first scene to its sureality to its ambiguous resolution, with Prospero facing his silent, treacherous brother and renouncing the power that has made every action in the story possible. Potent language remains the central force and mystery of this fathomless play. Prospero speaks almost a third of the lines in The Tempest, and controls the amount of speech every

Confucianism And The Chinese Culture Essay - 1606 Words

Confucianism has been known to be the binding factor for much of China’s history. Though the founder of Confucianism has no official title or record, the inspiration of these teachings, Confucius, was the guiding factor for change in China set forth by his understanding of environment and needs of his country’s future. Due to the acceptance and immersion of Confucianism with in the Chinese culture, much of Confucius’ teachings has found themselves religiously embedded in its entirety, not only within day-to-day life, but with the political and holistic venues. _____Confucius was a man who lived during the Warring States period. This was mainly during the Zhou dynasty. What he experienced in his day-to-day life consisted of warfare and strife, driven by selfish, greedy, and acquisitive impulses. Moments of disharmony amongst families and communities, due to interpersonal conflict and social inequalities, and religious and moral decline with the intent of using it against their own people for political gain and misuse. As central power weakened, feudal lords held more power than kings of the central court, minsters assassinated their rulers, and sons killed their fathers. _____Much of what he witnesses during this time becomes indoctrinated into the moral fibers of Confucianism as actions one shouldn’t do. During his lifetime, Confucius crossed neighboring states trying to preach and hope for head officials to pick up his newfound way of ceasing chaos amongst the states.Show MoreRelatedThe Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture Essays1742 Words   |  7 PagesConfucian Culture on Chinese Culture Introduction Confucian culture, also known as Confucianism, was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, which was developed gradually after the Han Dynasty with benevolence as the core. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the official ideology and the basis of mainstream ideology in the vast majority of historical periods of China, and it also influenced many southeast Asian countries in history. After a variety of shocks, Confucianism was stillRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Chinese Culture: Confucianism2045 Words   |  9 Pagesarticles and books, exploring existing theories of the influence of the Chinese culture on organizations, empowerment and organizational learning and change within the implementation of a new service. These concepts will be explained in the following chapters. 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CHINESE CULTURE A very common and important concept in the Chinese culture is â€Å"face†. â€Å"Face† is central in social control, therefore, the Chinese place fundamental importance on it. The word â€Å"face† has acquired a meaningRead MoreLegalism And Confucianism : The Fundamental Basis Of Traditional Chinese Culture1623 Words   |  7 PagesLegalism and Confucianism form the fundamental basis of traditional Chinese culture and has exercised extensive influence over Chinese domestic laws for a period of almost 1,400 years. The Tang dynasty of 619 to 907 especially marked a period of efficient government, strong economic growth and effective administration in all forms of social and legal affairs. The amalgamation of two prominent Chinese philosophies amounted to immense success by creating a framework of domestic laws that was a partnershipRead MoreConfucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese Culture Essay examples2916 Words   |  12 PagesDuc Hoang Professor Sandra Lee IQS 125 26 May 2008 Confucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese culture Western people might wonder why once upon a time in China, choosing a wife or husband for one’s life was not his or her decision but their parents’, or one must mourn for their deceased parents at least three years. The answer is about the definition of morality. Different conceptions of morality have guided different cultures in different directions regarding a central question of humanRead MoreThe Impact of Confucius on the Development of Chinese Thought and Culture1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact Confucius had on the development of Chinese thought and culture Confucianism has been a part of Chinese culture for over a thousand years. Many who have studied Confucianism would say that it is not a religion. It is better described as a philosophy or moral code. The philosophy of Confucianism comes mainly from the speeches and writings of Confucius, a great Chinese thinker and educator. He believed that Humanity, Rite, Neutrality, Virtue, Education, and Cultivation were the basisRead MoreConfucianism Research Paper1491 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism Research Project Confucianism has easily been influential in the development of the Chinese state through history. In fact, the core ideals of Confucianism have evolved. Despite the harsh repression of Confucianism by Marxist revolutionaries during the second half of the twentieth century, Confucian values continues to be influential in Chinese society and recently, Confucian political philosophy has resurfaced again. In addition, the political ideas and social ethics of ConfucianismRead MoreJapanese And Japan s Influence On Chinese Culture751 Words   |  4 PagesCurrently, Japan is known for having a very distinct culture, cultivated due to their isolation as an island nation. However, while Japanese civilization is a highly distinctive society, it also has strong ties to Chinese culture. In fact, as early as the first century A.D., the people of Japan were sending missions to China; they established a trade and tribute based relationship. This initial relationship gave way to the later Chinese i nfluence that would shape Japan. From these encounters, andRead MoreBuddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And Formation Of Mahayana Buddhism Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesindispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact , the distinct Chinese history and culture played significant roles in the development and formation of Mahayana Buddhism . The change of Chinese society also had a greatRead MoreSexuality As A Social Experience1249 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess which called ‘socialization’. What is socialization? Socialization is a lifelong social experience by which individuals construct their personal biography, assemble daily interactional rules and come to terms with the wider patterns of their culture. (Macionis and Plummer, 2012) Through this process, people will learn the distinction of ‘good sex’ and ‘bad sex’.   If our sexuality is shaped by socialization, that means the society affects our sexuality. Thus, sexuality may not as a private matterRead MoreThe Link Between Mahayana Buddhism And Chinese Culture1476 Words   |  6 Pagesand Chinese Culture Buddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. The distinct Chinese history and culture played

Methods And Approaches For The Collection And...

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter of the research intends to provide basic understanding of the adopted research design, methods and approaches for the collection and interpretation of data (Kumar Phrommathed, 2005). The methodology does not only offers the fundamentals of adopted research methods, but also intends to present the rationale for the selected research i.e. specific research methods and techniques. In addition, it provides a description of the research instruments through which the relevant information was collected and gathered in the research study. 3.1 Research Design The researcher decided to use primary data for the research study (Burns Bush, 2006). The use of primary data provided the researcher with first-hand information regarding the topic of interest, which was then used to address the research questions. Considering the nature of the research study, the researcher used quantitative research design to develop, predict, and address the research questions (Polkinghorne, 2005). 3.2 Research Philosophy In light of the literature, research philosophy is defined as the process of collecting and analysing collected data in standardised and unique manner (Crossan, 2003). The most commonly used research philosophies include; realism, positivism, and interpretivism. On the basis of the research objectives and design, the most appropriate research philosophy was positivism. According to positivist philosophy, the researcher remains disconnected from theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of A Framework For Design By Creswell1536 Words   |  7 PagesFramework for Design’ by Creswell We now have many choices for research approaches. Author recommends that a general framework be adopted to provide guidance for all stages of research. Using still existing framework also allows researchers formulate ideas recognized by audiences who support proposals for research. This chapter introduces the reader to the three approaches to research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. To understand them Creswell considers three framework elements:Read MoreResearch Methodology And Methods Of Research1033 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious methods of research which can be implored in carrying out a study. Research method is very important because the use of different methods gives different results. This chapter explains and justifies the materials and the methods used in the research. The selection of method used for the research is based on the research problem, aim and objectives of the study to be achieved. This chapter therefore fully explains the research desig n; strategies; methods of data collection; data analysisRead MoreQualitative, Qualitative And Qualitative Research1272 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION There are many definitions which describe qualitative research. Qualitative inquiry is a systematic process of describing, analyzing and interpreting insights discovered in every day life. Similar to quantitative research, qualitative methods begin with [empirical] observation of a phenomenon and its characteristics. In qualitative studies, the logic of inference is one of directly observed comparison, resulting in new insights and reclassifications, rather than strict numerical comparisonRead MoreThe Research Approach And Strategies1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe research method needs the research philosophy approach and strategies made use of to conduct the research. The study will make use of a research onion put forward by Saunders, Lewis Thornhill (2007) to direct and help in the development of knowledge that will answer the research questions. The figure below is an illustration of the Saunders et al. (2007) research onion. Figure 1: Research Onion Source: (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2007) Research Philosophy Within the research onion putRead MoreQuantitative And Quantitative Research Methods1520 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is systematic and gathers, analyzes and interprets data collected about a specific subject with the objective of better understanding and meeting a goal (Leedy Ormond, 2010). Before initiating the research process the researchers need to have a clear understanding of the question and the goal of what is going to be studied or investigated. The development of a plan designed with specific methods needs to be included to acquire relevant data. The research should be guided by a specific researchRead MoreQualitative Design Chart Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Design Chart The type of data collection for a qualitative research study depends on the research design. The qualitative design itself originates out of the disciplines and flow throughout the process of research (Creswell, 2014). Creswell (2014) recommends narrative, phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and grounded theory as common qualitative research methods. These were recommended because of they are popular across the social and health and science research studies. HaysRead MoreThe Overall Evaluation / Research Strategy Or Design?1543 Words   |  7 Pagesa year-long faculty development program on faculty approaches to teaching†, by Light, Calkins, Luna, Drane (2009). The design is action research. Why is this type of strategy or design selected for this study? This design was selected because action research is a process and the seven-step process was initiated in the development of the design selected. There was a clear focus that was identified along with a clear research question. Then data was collected and the action or steps to collect andRead MoreWhat Are The Four Key Approaches Of Scientific Philosophy?887 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Chapter This chapter describes the method in which the research was organised in order to meet the aim and objectives and verify hypotheses. To begin with various research approaches and strategy will be discussed, followed by a review of a number of methods in which data can be assembled. To conclude, the validity of the research, its limitations and the ethical dilemmas concerned will be addressed. 4.2 Research Method There are four key approaches of research philosophy, which include positivismRead MoreMy Experience With Parenting And Home Schooling1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe focus of this paper is to talk about my experience with learning about qualitative research method and design, engaging participants through a research interviewing and obtaining information about the participants’ live experiences and transcribing the data (Caswell, 2007).To interview the participant, I formulated the research problem; what is your experience with parenting and home schooling. I generated research open-ended research interview questions for a one and one interview withRead MoreResearch ‚Äà ¬ Methodology and Ethics1001 Words   |  5 PagesRESEARCH – METHODOLOGY AND ETHICS This essay attempts to identify and sum up two research methods (Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods), assess their relative strengths and weaknesses and explain how two ethical issues arise from research. Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches are two of the various methods used in sociological research. The use of these methods can be very important and can normally produce efficient, realistic and logical results. So what is qualitative

The Ethics Of Virtue Ethics - 1796 Words

Although Hursthouse accepts that virtue ethics ‘†¦cannot tell us what we should do’, she nonetheless reasons in a different way to show how virtue ethics aids us. Furthermore, Hursthouse would refute virtue ethics being insufficiently action-guiding because we have v-rules in the form of virtues and vices to provide action-guidance (Hursthouse, 1999). Elizabeth Anscombe in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) also contributed to virtue ethics and put forward the idea that modern moral philosophy is misguided, asking if there can be any moral laws if there is no God. In turn questioning what does right and wrong even mean without a lawgiver? Her approach argued for a return to Aristotelian ethics, specifically on his idea of eudaimonia of†¦show more content†¦Despite these claims held by Aristotle, Hursthouse and Anscombe they are not strong enough to contend against the main assertion at hand of virtue ethics being insufficiently action-guiding. Such accounts fail ultimately because, they do not change the fact that virtue ethics does not provide any guidance for our actions. Principally, how can an ethical theory be judged on its sufficiency (hence why virtue ethics is insufficient) when it does not even promote any guidance for our actions in the first place? As a result of all the weaknesses discussed, it further validates my stance on how virtue ethics is insufficiently action-guiding. Despite virtue ethicists asking questions such as ‘how should I live my life?’ the fundamental problem continues to be echoed, for no guidance is given to support how I should do this. Robert Louden in ‘On Some Vices of Virtue Ethics’ supported this view, arguing how virtue ethics does not help anyone facing a crisis. This is primarily because virtue ethics fails to provide anything near to a rulebook for the moral life that a person could consult with, in shaping what they ought to do in certain situations. Surely, this is what is required for it to be seen as a successful moral theory and thus, explains why it provides little value to us as an action-guiding ethical system. Thus, virtue

The Execution Of Head Space Framework †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Execution Of Head Space Framework. Answer: Non-Functional Requirements: Performance: Framework execution is the primary concern that the end clients acknowledge most. The execution of Head Space framework must regard bolster the business procedure. The framework must have the capacity to store a considerable measure of information for quite a while. The framework will deal with hundred assignments/asks for in parallel. The framework must not take over one moment to give data against a demand. The servers of the framework must be totally strong with the goal that they can bolster business changes. Reliability: A framework with great quality must have the capacity to meet the non-utilitarian prerequisite called dependability. The dependability is an unquestionable requirement have highlight for the data frameworks. For the clients of the framework, the unwavering quality is the method for having backing of the framework in business process or demand through the distance conceivable. In any case, as far as framework investigator, the dependability is the method for interfacing the product necessities with the equipment prerequisites. Programming constancy can be a more troublesome plan to understand. An item thing will bomb under particular conditions, with particular wellsprings of data, and given comparative data sources and conditions will tumble each time until the point that the explanation behind the failure is reconsidered. Along these lines, the constancy of an item thing is more about the unpredictable disclosure of defects coming to fruition due to various commitments with the system in various states. Security: Security is an extremely fundamental non-practical necessity of Headspace framework. The association must have the capacity to design the system of the framework with the goal that it can keep the digital assaults. The association will arrange its servers such that it will close down when a DDoS assault begins. The utilization of encryption will help the association to anticipate digital culprits to see the first information. In order to enhance the security, different servers can be used for different components. Taken as an example, the database and core system can reside in two different servers so that in case of cyber-attack, the threat cannot reach to the database. Usability: The usability of the framework alludes to the level of ease of utilizing the framework. The clients of the framework must have the capacity to comprehend the route of the framework from the earliest starting point of utilization. The UI must hold as less things as conceivable so the clients don't get strained while collaborating with the framework through the User Interface. The framework must basic as far as administrator associating area. In the event that the administrator segment is not reasonable at that point settling the framework can be a precarious or frequently outlandish assignment. Reviewof Cloud Based: Strength of PaaS cloud Based Solution: Cost Saving: The cloud based solution is a great solution for those SME or small and medium size organization that are suffering from financial loss or barriers. The organization can chose to use the service as per wish. Taken as an example, headspace can chose to pay as the resource usage. This will allow the organization to cut cost of IT maintenance and operations. Flexibility: The PaaS cloud based arrangement can be an extraordinary answer for Headspace, it requires a fluctuating data transfer capacity. The association can scale up the framework effortlessly by reaching the seller. The same should be possible if there should be an occurrence of diminishing the size of the framework. The deftness, PaaS cloud based arrangement can give the associations are exceptionally successful regarding stretching out beyond contenders. Disaster Recovery: The interest in strong debacle recuperation design can be an incredible method for sparing information. Anything can happen to the PaaS cloud reinforcement or database. For this situation of calamity, this recuperation design enables the association to counteract information loss. Increased Collaboration: The team working a shot at an undertaking of Headspace, they can alter information, make new records from remote area. The joint effort among the colleagues and workers will increment enormously. Remote Location Access: The employees as well as other end users of Headspace can utilize the cloud approach benefit, access to system from remote location, in every possible way. Strength of PaaS cloud Based Solution: Migration: One of the biggest issue in cloud computing is the vendor lock in. The vendor systems are completely different from one another. This creates issue in migrating from one cloud platform to another. The biggest challenge in this migration process is the configuration of the application for meeting the requirements of new Host. Downtime: The downtime can be considered as a standout amongst the most wrecking inconvenience of PaaS distributed computing. No PaaS cloud supplier, even the absolute best, would assert insusceptibility to benefit blackouts. PaaS distributed computing frameworks are web based, which implies your entrance is completely subject to your Internet association. Also, similar to any equipment, PaaS cloud stages themselves can fall flat for any of a thousand reasons. Less Security: The security in the PaaS distributed computing condition is low. The stream of data from the client to the PaaS cloud application through the open web association. Less Control: Headspace will have negligible control over its information. The seller will control the arrangement of the framework and also database framework. Irrational Cost for Long Term Plan: If the cloud computing is maintained, then the total cost of the system will be more than in-house application. No matter how much less an organization uses its system, a certain amount of capital has to be used. SDLC Approach: Predictive Approach: Advantages: Prescient methodologies are straightforward and basic for utilizing as a part of a venture administration approach The documentation of technique and results of the procedures are done legitimately The grinder of the prescient approach can be seen effectively by any colleague The pashas of a prescient model is finished one by one The phases of the prescient approach are unmistakably characterized The prescient approach is best for little ventures. The tasks that has less intricacy as far as necessities and determination are anything but difficult to utilize The prescient models are simple for overseeing. It is a direct result of the unbending nature of the model. Singular periods of the approach has diverse expectations and survey system Disadvantages: Figuring the advance inside the stages is troublesome In the event that the extend of the undertaking is longer than 5 months then this approach is not proper Regarding degree modification, the prescient approach is not strong The nearness of dangers inside the task is to a great degree high The prescient approach does not create any working application until the point that the task is finished The profitable approach is not legitimate for the perplexing and huge ventures This approach is not appropriate for the ceaseless changing prerequisites Adaptive Approach: Advantages: The approach enables the partners of undertaking to encounter fractional work arrangements The fast advancement of usefulness and also showing of those usefulness is conceivable The intending to complete the approach is low The required measure of assets are not as much as prescient approach The tenets of this approach are as low as could be expected under the circumstances The versatile approach is equipped for advancing broadly educating and collaboration This approach is anything but difficult to oversee This approach is appropriate for changing necessities Versatile approach is extremely sensible for the product advancement venture Disadvantage: Not suitable for managing complex conditions More risk of sensibility, common sense and extensibility A general course of action, a deft pioneer and composed PM sharpen is a flat out need without which it will not work Selection of Approach: From the above study it is clear that none of the approach alone can be sufficient. The features of both of the approach is essential for the project. The organization needs a robust approach that can support change of requirements. The approach of system development has to be flexible enough to produce prototypes in the middle of the phases. However, on the other hand, the organization needs proper documentation of all the stages. The most difficult piece of beginning another undertaking for any test chief or test lead in a start-up, private ventures or an endeavor is in reality to design the task. Traditionalists have confidence in waterfall philosophy as a settled practice that relies upon thorough documentation and unbending administration. Notwithstanding, dexterous has made a great deal of in-streets in present day groups as it is more versatile to the progressions which frequently make expectations very capricious. A solitary strategy can't be the main mallet to nail every one of the arrangements. The Agile-Waterfall Hybrid is regularly viewed as a savvy approach for embracing the two techniques without trading off excessively, basically using the best of the two universes. The principle point of the half and half approach is to empower groups to characterize necessities and adjust to changing prerequisites through ceaseless criticism and conveyance. The crossover strategy holds the lucidity and followin g arrangement of waterfall technique, while grasping the versatility and adaptability of coordinated. Bibliography: Ameller, D., Ayala, C., Cabot, J., Franch, X. (2013). Non-functional requirements in architectural decision making. IEEE software, 30(2), 61-67. Asadi, M., Soltani, S., Gasevic, D., Hatala, M., Bagheri, E. (2014). Toward automated feature model configuration with optimizing non-functional requirements. Information and Software Technology, 56(9), 1144-1165. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches. Wireless communications and mobile computing, 13(18), 1587-1611. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues. Information Systems, 47, 98-115. Jorgensen, P. C. (2016). Software testing: a craftsmans approach. CRC press. Kaur, R., Sengupta, J. (2013). Software process models and analysis on failure of software development projects. arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.1068. Li, F. L., Horkoff, J., Mylopoulos, J., Guizzardi, R. S., Guizzardi, G., Borgida, A., Liu, L. (2014). Non-functional requirements as qualities, with a spice of ontology. In Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), 2014 IEEE 22nd International (pp. 293-302). IEEE. Rahman, M., Ripon, S. (2014). Elicitation and modeling non-functional requirements-a POS case study. arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.1936. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016). Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Stol, K. J., Fitzgerald, B. (2014). Two's company, three's a crowd: a case study of crowdsourcing software development. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 187-198). ACM. Turk, D., France, R., Rumpe, B. (2014). Assumptions underlying agile software development processes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6610.

Galactosemia Essay Example For Students

Galactosemia Essay GalactosemiaGalactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism. Because of energy barriers, essentially none of the chemical reactions that take place in living things could occur at any measurable rate without the presence of a catalyst. Most catalysts in living things are enzymes that depend on their structure to be able to function. Their structure is determined by their coding on DNA. Inborn errors of metabolism, like the one seen in galactosemia, are caused by defective genes. Galactosemia is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the transformation of galactose to glucose is blocked, allowing galactose to increase to toxic levels in the body (Chung 1997). Galactose epimerase, the enzyme in the liver that is required to break down galactose, is deficient in galactosemia patients (Galactosemia 1995 and Wohlers, Christacos, and Harreman 1999). This enzyme works as a catalyst to speed up the breakdown of galactose. When there is a deficiency of this enzyme, the body cannot metabolize galactose as quickly as needed, causing a toxic buildup (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). This disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, this means that galactosemia is only present in individuals with two defective copies of any one of the three genes that causes it (Chung 1997). These genes are the genes that code for the three enzymes, galactosemia-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridyl disphosphogalactose-4-epimerase (Olendor e, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). Although carriers have less than normal enzyme activity, carriers of the disease are unaware that they are carrying a defective gene since no symptoms are evident (Chung 1997). If two carriers of the same defective gene have children, the chance of their child getting galactosemia by having two copies of the same defective gene is 25% for each pregnancy (Elsas 1999). Every cell nucleus has two copies of each gene, therefore, if only one of the two copies is defective, enough of the enzyme is made and the pathway of galactose metabolism is not blocked (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). Most states have now included testing for galactosemia in newborn screening programs (Galactosemia 1995). However, if galactosemia is not found in a screening program, some symptoms appear within the first couple of days of the newborns life (Elsas 1999). Symptoms usually begin to appear quickly in newborns because their entire diet is made up of milk, which is made of 20 % galactose (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). High levels of galactose cause vomiting diarrhea, lethargy, low blood sugar, brain damage, jaundice, liver enlargement, cataracts, malnutrition, rapid organ damage, susceptibility to infection especially to gram negative bacteria, and even death (Olendare, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999 and Chung 1997). Infants may also exhibit poor growth, feeding difficulties, encephalopathy, and renal tubular dysfunction (Berry et al. 1995). The Human Genome Project has had a great impact on what is known about galactosemia. They have identified what causes the disease and on which chromosome the mutation occurs. Three enzymes are required to completely convert galactose to glucose-1-phosphate, which is able to enter the metabolic pathway and turn into energy. A separate gene encodes each of these three enzymes. If any of these enzymes fail to function galactose builds up and galactosemia result (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). The first type of galactosemia is called galactosemia I or classic galactosemia. This form has been discovered to be caused by defects in both copies of the gene that codes the enzyme galactosemia-1-phosphate-uridyl transferase (GALT) (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). This enzyme is responsible for the second phase of galactose metabolism. Without this enzyme, the body cannot convert galactose to UDP galactose, which eventually leads to glucose formation causing hypoglycemia. Since this cannot occur, the galactose metabolite, galactose-1-phosphate remains unconverted and accumulates causing rapid damage to vital organs (Chung 1997). There are thirty known mutations in this gene that cause GALT to malfunction. The frequency of this form is relatively high, occurring in 1 in 50,000 to 70,000 births (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .postImageUrl , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:hover , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:visited , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:active { border:0!important; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:active , .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2187c09f6b087109fcf22c7540ee4bcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Donne (1236 words) EssayThe second type of galactosemia is called galactosemia II. This form is caused by defect in the gene that codes for the enzyme galactokinase (GALK). Galactokinase normally acts as a catalyst that converts galactose-1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate using a series of reactions requiring uridine triphosphate (UTP) as a coenzyme. Without galactokinase, the reaction occurs too slowly and galactose-1-phosphate is not converted to glucose-1-phosphate (Oldenore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). A deficiency in galactokinase causes some physical problems such as nuclear cataracts before or shortly after birth. It also causes mental retardation in some. Bioch emically, it results in the increased secretion of galactose and corresponding sugar alcohol, galactitol, following galactose. This results in the elevation of blood galactose levels (Galactokinase Deficiency 1996). Galactosemia II is less harmful than galactosemia I and only occurs in about 1 in every 100,000 150,000 births (Oldendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). The third form is galactosemia III. It is a benign form, usually asymptomatic, and does not require a special diet. This form is caused by defects on the gene that codes for the enzyme uridyl diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase (GALE). Uridyl diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase assists in the conversion of galactose-1-phosphate by catalyzing the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. In the benign form, the enzyme deficiency is only found in the blood cells (leukocytes, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes). However, in the severe form, the enzyme deficiency is in the blood cells and in the fibroblasts and is usually less than 10% of normal (Galactosemia III 1994). This very rare, severe form of galactosemia III has been found to have similar symptoms to galactosemia I but with more severe neurological problems (Oldendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). For example, Fanconi Syndrome appears which causes episodes of vomiting, dehydration, weakness, anorexia, constipation, polydipsia, polyuria, and ric kets (Galactosemia III 1994). A number of different types of mutations on these genes have been found in galactosemia patients. These include nucleotide substitutions, small deletions, small insertions, small indles, gross deletions, gross insertions and duplications, and repeat variations (Galactose-1-phosphate 1990). In fact, over 172 different mutations are known to cause galactosemia (Elsas 1999). Although galactosemia can lead to death if not found immediately after birth, many precautions can be taken to lessen the chances of this occurring. First of all, adults who want to start a family can be tested for having a defective gene. If a defective gene is found in both parents, the child should be tested immediately after birth for galactosemia (Olendre, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). Also, most states have added tests for galactosemia in with their newborn screening process to eliminate the potential of death (Galactosemia 1995). Unfortunately, many children are born each year with galactosemia and there is no medication that can treat it (Chung 1997). However, galactosemia is manageable and the symptoms can be greatly reduced by taking a few precautions. First of all, babies whose GALT activity is less than 10% need to have all their milk products replaced by formula such as Isomil or Prosobee, which are free of lactose. Soy products contain other sugars such as sucrose, fructose, and non-galactose polycarbohydrates, which supply the needed energy to the baby. All lactose containing foods such as dairy products, tomato sauces, candies, and medicines should be avoided fro the remainder of the patients life (Elsas 1999). Finally, legumes, organ meats, and processed meats also contain galactose and should be avoided (Olendore, Jenyan, and Bayden 1999). Management of the diet becomes less important after infancy and early childhood because milk products are no longer the primary source of energy (Elsas 1999). So , although galactosemia can be fatal, it is highly treatable and a patient can live a normal life with only a few changes in their diet. Words/ Pages : 1,315 / 24